Many soluble analytes in the maternal circulation, such as hormones and cytokines, have been implicated in its pathophysiology

However,  chitosan supplement  in the protein  content of extracellular vesicles , which could provide additional insight  into the disease pathways of this obstetrical syndrome, have not been examined.  This study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of EVs in the plasma of  pregnant women who experienced fetal death and to evaluate whether such a profile  reflected the pathophysiological mechanisms of this obstetrical complication.  Moreover, the proteomic results were compared to and integrated with those  obtained from the soluble fraction of maternal plasma. METHODS: This  retrospective case-control study included 47 women who experienced fetal death  and 94 matched, healthy, pregnant controls. Proteomic analysis of 82 proteins in  the EVs and the soluble fractions of maternal plasma samples was conducted by  using a bead-based, multiplexed immunoassay platform. Quantile regression  analysis and random forest models were implemented to assess differences in the  concentration of proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and to evaluate their  combined discriminatory power between clinical groups.

Hierarchical cluster  analysis was applied to identify subgroups of fetal death cases with similar  proteomic profiles. A p-value of <.05 was used to infer significance, unless  multiple testing was involved, with the false discovery rate controlled at the   level . All statistical analyses were performed by using the R  statistical language and environment-and specialized packages. RESULTS: Nineteen  proteins , interleukin -6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha,  urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor, tissue factor pathway  inhibitor, IL-8, E-Selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,  pentraxin 3, IL-16, galectin-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, disintegrin and  metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12, insulin-like growth  factor-binding protein 1, matrix metalloproteinase-1 , and CD163) were found  to have different plasma concentrations in women  with fetal death compared to controls. There was a similar pattern of change for  the dysregulated proteins in the EV and soluble fractions and a positive  correlation between the log -fold changes of proteins significant in either the  EV or the soluble fraction .  chitosan uses  of EV and  soluble fraction proteins resulted in a good discriminatory model .

Unsupervised  clustering based on the proteins differentially expressed in either the EV or the  soluble fraction of patients with fetal death relative to controls revealed three  major clusters of patients. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with fetal death have  different concentrations of 19 proteins in the EV and soluble fractions compared  to controls, and the direction of changes in concentration was similar between  fractions. The combination of EV and soluble protein concentrations revealed  three different clusters of fetal death cases with distinct clinical and  placental histopathological characteristics. European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania  Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians metal levels with excess body weight among Spanish children: A  Exposure to metal s during critical developmental windows could result in  permanent damage to the target organ system, increasing susceptibility to disease  later in life. In view of the fact that metals s have been shown to work as  obesogens, the aim of the present case-control study was to evaluate the  modification effect of exposure to metal s on the association between SNPs  in genes involved in metal detoxification and excess body weight among  children. A total of 134 Spanish children aged 6-12 years old were included . Seven SNPs were genotyped on  GSA microchips, and ten metal s were analysed in urine samples through  Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry .

Multivariable logistic  regressions were conducted to assess the genetic and metal exposures' main  association and interaction effects. GSTP1 rs1695 and ATP7B rs1061472 showed  significant effects on excess weight increase in those children carrying two  copies of the risk G allele and being highly exposed to chromium and lead . Conversely, GCLM rs3789453 and ATP7B rs1801243 appeared to play a  protective role against excess weight in those exposed to copper and lead . Our findings provide the first proof that  interaction effects could exist between genetic variants within GSH and metal  transporting systems and exposure to metal s, on excess body weight among  Granada/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración,  Granada/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración,  competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared  to influence the work presented in this paper. Graphical abstract was created  Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived biological nanoparticles that  gained great interest for drug delivery. EVs have numerous advantages compared to  synthetic nanoparticles, such as ideal biocompatibility, safety, ability to cross  biological barriers and surface modification via genetic or chemical methods.